This can often concentrate water in a ways that exacerbates erosion instead of reducing it. Rain water in these furrows will thus flow sideways along the falling "contour" line.
Thus when plowing parallel runs paralleling any contour the plow furrows soon deviate from a true contour.
At one end of a contour the slope of the land will always be steeper than at the other. Yeomans' Keyline Design system is critical of traditional contour plowing techniques, and improves the system through observing normal land form and topography. Contour farming is applied in certain European countries such as Belgium, Italy, Greece, Romania, Slovenia and Spain in areas with higher than 10% slope. Farming sites are often classified into five levels: insensitive, mild, moderate, high and extreme, depending on the regions soil sensitivity. The proper combination of such farming methods can be determined by various climatic and soil conditions of that given area. Contour farming is most effective when used with other soil conservation methods like strip cropping, terrace farming, and the use of cover crops. On steeper slopes and areas with greater rainfall, a procedure known as strip cropping is used with contour farming to provide additional protection. The practice is effective only on slopes with between 2% and 10% gradient and when rainfall does not exceed a certain amount within a certain period. Soil erosion caused from heavy rain can encourage the development of rills and gullies which carry excess nutrients into freshwater systems through the process of eutrophication Ĭontour plowing is also promoted in countries with similar rainfall patterns to the United States such as western Canada and Australia. Reducing fertilizer loss not only saves the farmer time and money, but it also decreases risk of harming regional freshwater systems. Importantly, the technique also significantly reduces soil erosion, fertilizer loss, and overall makes farming less energy and resource intensive under most circumstances. By 1938, the introduction of new agricultural techniques such as contour plowing had reduced the loss of soil by 65% despite the continuation of the drought.ĭemonstrations showed that contour farming, under ideal conditions, will increase yields of row crops by up to 50%, with increases of between 5 and 10% being common. The Soil Conservation Service worked with state governments and universities with established agriculture programs such as the University of Nebraska to promote the method to farmers. This can lead to large scale desertification which can permanently transform a formerly productive landscape to an arid one that becomes increasingly intensive and expensive to farm. 100 million acres now in crops have lost all or most of the topsoil 125 million acres of land now in crops are rapidly losing topsoil. The extent of the problem was such that the 1934 "Yearbook of Agriculture" noted that Approximately 35 million acres of formerly cultivated land have essentially been destroyed for crop production. The US Department of Agriculture established the Soil Conservation Service in 1935 during the Dust Bowl when it became apparent that soil erosion was a huge problem along with desertification. This was one of the main procedures promoted by the US Soil Conservation Service (the current Natural Resources Conservation Service) during the 1930s. However, the Romans preferred cultivation in straight furrows and this practice became standard. The Phoenicians first developed the practice of contour farming and spread it throughout the Mediterranean. Contour farming is considered an active form of sustainable agriculture. Soil erosion prevention practices such as this can drastically decrease negative effects associated with soil erosion such as reduced crop productivity, worsened water quality, lower effective reservoir water levels, flooding, and habitat destruction. Contour ploughing helps to reduce soil erosion. A similar practice is contour bunding where stones are placed around the contours of slopes. Tillage erosion is the soil movement and erosion by tilling a given plot of land. This method is also known for preventing tillage erosion.
In contour plowing, the ruts made by the plow run perpendicular rather than parallel to the slopes, generally furrows that curve around the land and are level. These contour lines create a water break which reduces the formation of rills and gullies during times of heavy precipitation, allowing more time for the water to settle into the soil. Contour bunding or contour farming or Contour ploughing is the farming practice of plowing and/or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines.
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